Transportation Security Administration

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Transportation Security Administration

Transportation Security Administration

In line with Marvie Brooks

about Transportation Security Administration in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

The Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA), signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 19, 200l (Pub. L. No. 107-01), established the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) within the Department of Transportation. The TSA, the creation of which was a direct result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent demands for a higher level of security at domestic airports, is responsible for securing the movement of people and commerce in all modes of transportation-aviation, maritime, and land-as well as for leading research and development into security technology to aid in safeguarding the nation's transportation facilities and infrastructure. In March 2003, the TSA was moved to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as part of the Border and Security Directorate, which was intended to integrate into one agency all government operations for securing United States borders and transportation systems.

Schmerber v. California

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Schmerber v. California

Schmerber v. California as a Leading U.S. Case

Schmerber v. California is one of the leading United States Supreme Court decisions impacting law enforcement in the United States, and, in this regards, Schmerber v. California may be a case reference for attorneys and police officers. As a leading case, this entry about Schmerber v. California tries to include facts, relevant legal issues, and the Court's decision and reasoning. The significance of Schmerber v. California is also explained, together with the relevance of Schmerber v. California impact on citizens and law enforcement.

Citation of Schmerber v. California

384 U.S. 757 (1966)

Oliver v. United States

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Oliver v. United States

Oliver v. United States as a Leading U.S. Case

Oliver v. United States is one of the leading United States Supreme Court decisions impacting law enforcement in the United States, and, in this regards, Oliver v. United States may be a case reference for attorneys and police officers. As a leading case, this entry about Oliver v. United States tries to include facts, relevant legal issues, and the Court's decision and reasoning. The significance of Oliver v. United States is also explained, together with the relevance of Oliver v. United States impact on citizens and law enforcement.

Citation of Oliver v. United States

466 U.S. 170 (1984)

Narcotics Control Act

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Narcotics Control Act

Narcotics Control Act

In line with Dryden Watner

about Narcotics Control Act in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

The Narcotics Control Act (NCA) of 1956 was proposed in order to help eradicate the use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and marijuana. At the time of its proposal, the government estimated that 60,000, or 1 in 3,000, people were addicted to drugs and that approximately $219 million was spent annually for drugs obtained through illegal sources. Prior to the passing of the Narcotics Control Act, the Boggs Act, proposed by Senator Hale Boggs (D-LA) and signed and enacted in 1951, provided minimum mandatory sentences for firsttime drug violators and brought together drug legislation of narcotics and marijuana for the first time. After the Boggs Act was passed, the government reported significant declines in drug arrests in the United States of America.

Illinois v. LaFayette

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Illinois v. LaFayette

Illinois v. LaFayette as a Leading U.S. Case

Illinois v. LaFayette is one of the leading United States Supreme Court decisions impacting law enforcement in the United States, and, in this regards, Illinois v. LaFayette may be a case reference for attorneys and police officers. As a leading case, this entry about Illinois v. LaFayette tries to include facts, relevant legal issues, and the Court's decision and reasoning. The significance of Illinois v. LaFayette is also explained, together with the relevance of Illinois v. LaFayette impact on citizens and law enforcement.

Citation of Illinois v. LaFayette

462 U.S. 640 (1982)

Encryption

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Encryption

Encryption

In line with Nadine Santos & Richard C. Li

about Encryption in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

The concept of encryption dates back to the time of Greek and Roman generals, who used the technique in their fields of battle. Similar methods have since been employed in many situations of war. Cryptography is also used by civilians for protecting industrial and scientific secrets and financial information. The function of the encryption is to protect the confidentiality, the authenticity, and the integrity of the message. Encryption is used to scramble the information or message sent so that unauthorized persons cannot read the content. The technique also provides digital signatures that can be used to identify the author of a message. Furthermore, methods have been developed to verify that a message has not been altered during the transmission process. In situations in which information needs to be protected, the effectiveness of the transmission of messages becomes crucial.

Document Examiners

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Document Examiners

Document Examiners

In line with James J. Horan

about Document Examiners in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Forensic document examination is one of the oldest disciplines in forensic science. There are references to forgery experts in Roman times. The forensic document examiner examines questioned documents to determine how, when, and by whom they were prepared. The questioned document examination can involve determining authorship of documents; identifying forgeries; determining the age of documents; deciphering obliterated, erased, mutilated, or charred documents; or answering any other questions that may be raised about a document. The forensic document examiner should not be confused with the graphologist or graphoanalyst. The forensic document examiner uses scientific techniques to determine the genuineness of handwriting by comparison of details in the known and the questioned writing. The graphologist tries to determine the character and personality of the writer by the general formation of the letters. Graphology is more of an art form and has not received acceptance in the scientific community or the courts.

Dispatch

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Dispatch

Dispatch

In line with Tod W. Burke

about Dispatch in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

“If I had a choice between a two-way radio and a gun, I'd take the radio.” The above quote is from a former Maryland police officer and reflects the importance of the dispatcher. Although the role of the dispatcher is critical for the survival of law enforcement officers and the citizens who call upon them, administrators, officers, and citizens often misunderstand dispatchers. Dispatchers must process complex information in a matter of seconds to ascertain nonemergency from emergency calls. They must attempt to calm the caller, as some may be in great panic and unintelligible. The dispatcher must determine the nature of the problem and the location of the incident, and inquire if anyone has been injured.

Crime Prevention

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Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention Units

In line with Steven P. Lab

about Crime Prevention in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Throughout most of history, preventing crime and responding to criminal behavior was the purview of the victim, his or her family, and community residents. There was no police force (or criminal justice system, for that matter) as we know it today. The earliest responses to crime included retribution and revenge on the part of the victim and his or her family. Indeed, the earliest laws outlined the role of the victim in addressing crimes (there is more information about criminal law in the American Legal Encyclopedia and about crimes and criminals vocabulary). The Code of Hammurabi (approximately 1900 BCE), for example, outlined retribution by the victim and/or the family as the accepted response to injurious behavior. Lex talionis , the principle of “an eye for an eye,” was specifically set forth as a driving principle in the Hammurabic law. Such laws and practices provided legitimacy to individual citizen action. The existence of formal systems of social control is relatively new.

Wells Fargo

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Wells Fargo

Wells Fargo

In line with Dorothy Moses Schulz

about Wells Fargo in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Wells Fargo was not the first express company in the United States of America, but it became synonymous with the American (United States) West and with the fight against the robbers who called to drivers to “throw down that box,” the iron-bound green box that contained money, gold, mail, and whatever else people might need to send from one place to another. Despite its association with the West, particularly in relationship to law enforcement, Wells Fargo was formed in 1852 by two Easterners, Henry Wells and William G. Fargo, to serve the west by offering banking and express package delivery. In 1845, the two had previously formed Wells & Co.'s Western Express to provide express and package service west of Buffalo, Bigg Apple (New York), to Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Louis, Missouri; and Chicago, Illinois. Its modern equivalents would be the United Parcel Service and Federal Express.