Category Archives: R

Rank Structure

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Rank Structure

Rank Structure

In line with Vincent E. Henry

about Rank Structure in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Since the origins of modern American (United States) municipal policing, police departments have followed an organizational rank structure often referred to as the “military model.” Given the fact that both police and military organizations are characterized by similar operational demands involving issues of chain of command, unity of command, internal discipline, strict accountability, training, the use of force, and the need for effective supervision and leadership, the military model is generally considered an appropriate and viable organizational structure for police agencies.

Rochin v. California

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Rochin v. California

Rochin v. California as a Leading U.S. Case

Rochin v. California is one of the leading United States Supreme Court decisions impacting law enforcement in the United States, and, in this regards, Rochin v. California may be a case reference for attorneys and police officers. As a leading case, this entry about Rochin v. California tries to include facts, relevant legal issues, and the Court's decision and reasoning. The significance of Rochin v. California is also explained, together with the relevance of Rochin v. California impact on citizens and law enforcement.

Citation of Rochin v. California

342 U.S. 165 (1952)

Repeat Offenders

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Repeat Offenders

Repeat Offenders

In line with Dana Greene

about Repeat Offenders in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Researchers agree that a significant percentage of crime is committed by a relatively small number of offenders who violate the law again and again, not necessarily getting caught each time but rather eventually and repeatedly. This well-substantiated finding informs criminal justice policy and practice in a variety of ways, particularly affecting law enforcement officers, who are on the front lines when it comes to preventing, investigating, and solving crime. The study of recidivism-the tendency to return to criminal behavior-is growing more nuanced and moving beyond the question of whether someone reoffends into how soon after initial or prior offense, and has begun to document specific behavior trends. Inquiry of this sort has been further expanded to include the issue of repeat victimization, a phenomenon in which the same target is repeatedly violated, as well as crime pattern analysis.

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

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Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

In line with Joseph P. Linskey

about Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

The criminal justice system was historically designed to prosecute an individual for committing a crime at a particular place and time and against a single victim. The system was not well equipped to deal with crimes (there is more information about criminal law in the American Legal Encyclopedia and about crimes and criminals vocabulary) committed by structured, layered, organized groups of individuals who engaged in crimes (there is more information about criminal law in the American Legal Encyclopedia and about crimes and criminals vocabulary) for profit. In 1970, to address this shortcoming in the law, Congress passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. This act is found in Title 18 of the United States of America Code , Part I, Chapter 96, Sections 1961 through 1968, and is part of the Organized Crime Control Act. The act is composed of eight sections dealing with definitions, prohibited activities, criminal penalties, civil remedies, venue and process, expedition of actions, evidence, and civil investigative demand.

Response Time

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Response Time

Response Time

In line with Matthew J. Giblin

about Response Time in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Response time is a commonly used indicator of police effectiveness and efficiency often measured as the length of time between a citizen call for service and an on-scene response by police. A faster response is considered more desirable, increasing the likelihood of an on-scene or near-scene apprehension of an offender and preventing citizen dissatisfaction with police. Rapid response is strongly tied to the idea of random preventive patrol, because patrol cars randomly dispersed throughout any geographic area are in a better position to respond quickly to calls wherever they may occur. It is true that rapid response matters in some cases, particularly those in which the police are notified while the crime is in progress. However, research has shown that rapid response does not itself influence citizen satisfaction or increase the probability of arrest in most cases.

Rampart Investigation

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Rampart Investigation

The Rampart Investigation

In line with Lydia Segal

about Rampart Investigation in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Rampart Division scandal of the late 1990s involved a cabal of tightly knit cops within Los Angeles's Rampart police station who behaved like the gangs they were supposed to police. Giving currency to the phrase “gangster cop,” the officers robbed, stole drugs and sold them on the street, committed murder, and planted evidence to cover up crimes (there is more information about criminal law in the American Legal Encyclopedia and about crimes and criminals vocabulary). The Rampart scandal was significant for many reasons. First, the LAPD had not seen such systemic, blatantly criminal conduct since the 1930s, when Mayor Frank Shaw presided over what was known as the “Shaw spoils system.” Under that system, municipal officers ranging from district attorneys to the LAPD Central Vice Squad took bribes from madams, bootleggers, and gamblers. Political scandals and kickbacks involving the police were legion.

Restorative Justice

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Restorative Justice

Restorative Justice

In line with Todd R. Clear

about Restorative Justice in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Restorative justice is an alternative paradigm for justice that contrasts with the traditional values and procedures of the criminal justice system. An immense variety of programs operate under the restorative mantle, and characterizing them with across-the-board language is insufficient. But for the most part, these programs differ from the traditional criminal justice system in many assumptions and practices, and they can best be defined by reference to those differences. Traditional criminal justice represents crime as a violation of the laws of the state. Criminal accusations are claims made by the state (through its prosecutors) that the criminal is guilty of a violation of the law, and thus is subject to penalties imposed by the state. Restorative justice sees crimes (there is more information about criminal law in the American Legal Encyclopedia and about crimes and criminals vocabulary) as problems or conflicts between people, one of whom is a wrongdoer and the other a victim.

Race

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Race

Race Relations

In line with Delores D. Jones-Brown

about Race in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that, in general, the public holds favorable attitudes toward the police. Despite this general finding, when attitudes are examined across race, most contemporary studies of race and attitudes toward the police reveal that blacks are far less favorable than their white counterparts. This pattern has held for the past 30 years. In the 1970s, only one fifth of blacks polled thought that local police officers applied the law equally (Feagin & Hahn, 1973). A majority (between 62% and 72%) believed that 1. Cops were “against” blacks. 2. Local law enforcement agents were dishonest. 3. Police officers were more concerned with injuring African Americans than with preventing crime.

Riley v. California

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Riley v. California

Riley v. California as a Leading U.S. Case

Riley v. California is one of the leading United States Supreme Court decisions impacting law enforcement in the United States, and, in this regards, Riley v. California may be a case reference for attorneys and police officers. As a leading case, this entry about Riley v. California tries to include facts, relevant legal issues, and the Court's decision and reasoning. The significance of Riley v. California is also explained, together with the relevance of Riley v. California impact on citizens and law enforcement.

Citation of Riley v. California

— U.S. —, No. — (2014)

Radar

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Radar

Radar

In line with Michelle R. Hecht

about Radar in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement:

Traffic enforcement officers are responsible for enforcing and citing various violations of the traffic code. Their primary focus is often on the most common violation, speeding. There are numerous benefits to speed enforcement, including the ability to lower crime rates; the ability to increase safety on the roadways; monetary savings in lower insurance, health care, and tax costs; revenue generation; and gains from asset forfeitures. Speed limits are determined scientifically through the use of traffic engineering and are enforced by way of scientific equipment; speeding convictions are validated by technical testimony about the scientific principles underlying detection by radar and other speed detection devices. Posted speed limits are generally designed for 70% of all drivers, with a standard deviation of approximately 15%. Drivers who operate outside of this range can be considered unsafe drivers.